In recent years, studies have put emphasis on moving from solely looking into housing affordability to location affordability through integrating transportation costs into housing affordability. Location Efficiency and Transportation Costs Our findings would help federal and local housing authorities to make more location efficient investments. Finally, this study reviews the eligibility criteria and operation mechanisms of these programs and provides further discussions on incorporating transportation affordability as a key decision-making factor in these HUD-subsidized housing programs. One major contribution of this study is to make comparisons across HUD programs in terms of transportation affordability. This study estimates transportation costs and affordability for nearly 76,000 HUD-subsidized properties by using transportation models that are tailored for low-income households and by measuring the built environmental determinants of travel, known as D variables, at the disaggregated address level for these properties. This national study seeks to investigate whether and to what extent the HUD-assisted major housing programs are affordable in terms of transportation costs in 326 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the U.S. This study concludes with policy recommendations to local and federal governments and transit agencies on ways to incorporate transportation parameters to ensure true affordability for low-income residents of subsidized housing. Our findings suggest that the provision of subsidized housing in mixed use, and transit-served neighborhoods would help low-income households to reduce their transportation costs even in auto-oriented sprawling regions. That could result in a waste of over $37.9 billion HUD spends annually to run these programs and subsidize housing for low-income families while some of these families spend substantial amount of their income on transportation. metropolitan areas are unaffordable in terms of transportation costs. We found that more than 44% of these properties in 326 U.S. Our transportation cost models are tailored for low-income households and account for built environmental determinants of travel, known as D variables, at the disaggregated level. This study estimates transportation costs for 76,000 address level properties from seven major HUD-designated affordable housing programs. This national study is an effort to measure transportation costs and affordability for the major Housing and Urban Development (HUD) housing assistance programs since the transportation costs are the second largest expense of American households.
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